Yamagata et al., Microvasc Res 2012
(Atherosclerosis) :
ß-carotene reverses the IL-1ß mediated reduction in paraoxonase-1 expression via induction of the CaMKKII pathway in human endothelial cells ... Importantly, ß-carotene upregulated the IL-1ß mediated decrease of CaMKKII, PZK1, LKB1, eNOS and PON-1 Feingold et al., Atherosclerosis 1998
(Acute-Phase Reaction) :
Additionally, TNF and IL-1 treatment of HepG2 cells results in a decrease in PON mRNA levels indicating that these cytokines are capable of directly affecting liver cells