Cons 30 Primates Track Settings
 
Mammals Multiz Alignment & Conservation (27 primates)   (All Comparative Genomics tracks)

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Multiz Alignments ▾       Basewise Conservation (phyloP) ▾       Element Conservation (phastCons) ▾       Conserved Elements ▾      
 
Multiz Alignments Configuration

Species selection:  + -

chimp
bonobo
gorilla
orangutan
gibbon
proboscis monkey
black snub-nosed monkey
golden snub-nosed monkey
angolan colobus
crab-eating macaque
rhesus
baboon
pig-tailed macaque
sooty mangabey
green monkey
drill
squirrel monkey
ma's night monkey
marmoset
white-faced sapajou
tarsier
sclater's lemur
black lemur
coquerel's sifaka
mouse lemur
bushbaby
mouse
dog
armadillo

Multiple alignment base-level:
Display bases identical to reference as dots
Display chains between alignments

Codon Translation:
Default species to establish reading frame:
No codon translation
Use default species reading frames for translation
Use reading frames for species if available, otherwise no translation
Use reading frames for species if available, otherwise use default species
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 Cons 30 Mammals  30 mammals Basewise Conservation by PhyloP (27 primates)   Data format 
 
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 Cons 30 Mammals  30 mammals conservation by PhastCons (27 primates)   Data format 
 
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 30-way El  30 mammals Conserved Elements (27 primates)   Data format 
 
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 Multiz Align  Multiz Alignments of 30 mammals (27 primates)   Data format 
Assembly: Human Dec. 2013 (GRCh38/hg38)

Description

This track shows multiple alignments of 30 species and measurements of evolutionary conservation using two methods (phastCons and phyloP) from the PHAST package, for all thirty species. The multiple alignments were generated using multiz and other tools in the UCSC/Penn State Bioinformatics comparative genomics alignment pipeline. Conserved elements identified by phastCons are also displayed in this track.

PhastCons (which has been used in previous Conservation tracks) is a hidden Markov model-based method that estimates the probability that each nucleotide belongs to a conserved element, based on the multiple alignment. It considers not just each individual alignment column, but also its flanking columns. By contrast, phyloP separately measures conservation at individual columns, ignoring the effects of their neighbors. As a consequence, the phyloP plots have a less smooth appearance than the phastCons plots, with more "texture" at individual sites. The two methods have different strengths and weaknesses. PhastCons is sensitive to "runs" of conserved sites, and is therefore effective for picking out conserved elements. PhyloP, on the other hand, is more appropriate for evaluating signatures of selection at particular nucleotides or classes of nucleotides (e.g., third codon positions, or first positions of miRNA target sites).

Another important difference is that phyloP can measure acceleration (faster evolution than expected under neutral drift) as well as conservation (slower than expected evolution). In the phyloP plots, sites predicted to be conserved are assigned positive scores (and shown in blue), while sites predicted to be fast-evolving are assigned negative scores (and shown in red). The absolute values of the scores represent -log p-values under a null hypothesis of neutral evolution. The phastCons scores, by contrast, represent probabilities of negative selection and range between 0 and 1.

Both phastCons and phyloP treat alignment gaps and unaligned nucleotides as missing data.

See also: lastz parameters and other details and chain minimum score and gap parameters used in these alignments.

Missing sequence in the assemblies is highlighted in the track display by regions of yellow when zoomed out and Ns displayed at base level (see Gap Annotation, below).

OrganismSpeciesRelease dateUCSC versionalignment type
HumanHomo sapiens Dec. 2013 (GRCh38/hg38)Dec. 2013 (GRCh38/hg38)MAF Net
ChimpPan troglodytes May 2016 (Pan_tro 3.0/panTro5)May 2016 (Pan_tro 3.0/panTro5)MAF Net
BonoboPan paniscus Aug. 2015 (MPI-EVA panpan1.1/panPan2)Aug. 2015 (MPI-EVA panpan1.1/panPan2)MAF Net
GorillaGorilla gorilla gorilla Mar. 2016 (GSMRT3/gorGor5)Mar. 2016 (GSMRT3/gorGor5)MAF Net
OrangutanPongo pygmaeus abelii July 2007 (WUGSC 2.0.2/ponAbe2)July 2007 (WUGSC 2.0.2/ponAbe2)MAF Net
GibbonNomascus leucogenys Oct. 2012 (GGSC Nleu3.0/nomLeu3)Oct. 2012 (GGSC Nleu3.0/nomLeu3)MAF Net
RhesusMacaca mulatta Nov. 2015 (BCM Mmul_8.0.1/rheMac8)Nov. 2015 (BCM Mmul_8.0.1/rheMac8)MAF Net
Crab-eating macaqueMacaca fascicularis Jun. 2013 (Macaca_fascicularis_5.0/macFas5)Jun. 2013 (Macaca_fascicularis_5.0/macFas5)MAF Net
Pig-tailed macaqueMacaca nemestrina Mar. 2015 (Mnem_1.0/macNem1)Mar. 2015 (Mnem_1.0/macNem1)MAF Net
Sooty mangabeyCercocebus atys Mar. 2015 (Caty_1.0/cerAty1)Mar. 2015 (Caty_1.0/cerAty1)MAF Net
BaboonPapio anubis Feb. 2013 (Baylor Panu_2.0/papAnu3)Feb. 2013 (Baylor Panu_2.0/papAnu3)MAF Net
Green monkeyChlorocebus sabaeus Mar. 2014 (Chlorocebus_sabeus 1.1/chlSab2)Mar. 2014 (Chlorocebus_sabeus 1.1/chlSab2)MAF Net
DrillMandrillus leucophaeus Mar. 2015 (Mleu.le_1.0/manLeu1)Mar. 2015 (Mleu.le_1.0/manLeu1)MAF Net
Proboscis monkeyNasalis larvatus Nov. 2014 (Charlie1.0/nasLar1)Nov. 2014 (Charlie1.0/nasLar1)MAF Net
Angolan colobusColobus angolensis palliatus Mar. 2015 (Cang.pa_1.0/colAng1)Mar. 2015 (Cang.pa_1.0/colAng1)MAF Net
Golden snub-nosed monkeyRhinopithecus roxellana Oct. 2014 (Rrox_v1/rhiRox1)Oct. 2014 (Rrox_v1/rhiRox1)MAF Net
Black snub-nosed monkeyRhinopithecus bieti Aug. 2016 (ASM169854v1/rhiBie1)Aug. 2016 (ASM169854v1/rhiBie1)MAF Net
MarmosetCallithrix jacchus March 2009 (WUGSC 3.2/calJac3)March 2009 (WUGSC 3.2/calJac3)MAF Net
Squirrel monkeySaimiri boliviensis Oct. 2011 (Broad/saiBol1)Oct. 2011 (Broad/saiBol1)MAF Net
White-faced sapajouCebus capucinus imitator Apr. 2016 (Cebus_imitator-1.0/cebCap1)Apr. 2016 (Cebus_imitator-1.0/cebCap1)MAF Net
Ma's night monkeyAotus nancymaae Jun. 2017 (Anan_2.0/aotNan1)Jun. 2017 (Anan_2.0/aotNan1)MAF Net
TarsierTarsius syrichta Sep. 2013 (Tarsius_syrichta-2.0.1/tarSyr2)Sep. 2013 (Tarsius_syrichta-2.0.1/tarSyr2)MAF Net
Mouse lemurMicrocebus murinus Feb. 2017 (Mmur_3.0/micMur3)Feb. 2017 (Mmur_3.0/micMur3)MAF Net
Coquerel's sifakaPropithecus coquereli Mar. 2015 (Pcoq_1.0/proCoq1)Mar. 2015 (Pcoq_1.0/proCoq1)MAF Net
Black lemurEulemur macaco Aug. 2015 (Emacaco_refEf_BWA_oneround/eulMac1)Aug. 2015 (Emacaco_refEf_BWA_oneround/eulMac1)MAF Net
Sclater's lemurEulemur flavifrons Aug. 2015 (Eflavifronsk33QCA/eulFla1)Aug. 2015 (Eflavifronsk33QCA/eulFla1)MAF Net
BushbabyOtolemur garnettii Mar. 2011 (Broad/otoGar3)Mar. 2011 (Broad/otoGar3)MAF Net
MouseMus musculus Dec. 2011 (GRCm38/mm10)Dec. 2011 (GRCm38/mm10)MAF Net
DogCanis lupus familiaris Sep. 2011 (Broad CanFam3.1/canFam3)Sep. 2011 (Broad CanFam3.1/canFam3)MAF Net
ArmadilloDasypus novemcinctus Dec. 2011 (Baylor/dasNov3)Dec. 2011 (Baylor/dasNov3)MAF Net

Table 1. Genome assemblies included in the 30-way Conservation track.

Downloads for data in this track are available:

Display Conventions and Configuration

In full and pack display modes, conservation scores are displayed as a wiggle track (histogram) in which the height reflects the value of the score. The conservation wiggles can be configured in a variety of ways to highlight different aspects of the displayed information. Click the Graph configuration help link for an explanation of the configuration options.

Pairwise alignments of each species to the human genome are displayed below the conservation histogram as a grayscale density plot (in pack mode) or as a wiggle (in full mode) that indicates alignment quality. In dense display mode, conservation is shown in grayscale using darker values to indicate higher levels of overall conservation as scored by phastCons.

Checkboxes on the track configuration page allow selection of the species to include in the pairwise display. Configuration buttons are available to select all of the species (Set all), deselect all of the species (Clear all), or use the default settings (Set defaults). Note that excluding species from the pairwise display does not alter the the conservation score display.

To view detailed information about the alignments at a specific position, zoom the display in to 30,000 or fewer bases, then click on the alignment.

Gap Annotation

The Display chains between alignments configuration option enables display of gaps between alignment blocks in the pairwise alignments in a manner similar to the Chain track display. The following conventions are used:

  • Single line: No bases in the aligned species. Possibly due to a lineage-specific insertion between the aligned blocks in the human genome or a lineage-specific deletion between the aligned blocks in the aligning species.
  • Double line: Aligning species has one or more unalignable bases in the gap region. Possibly due to excessive evolutionary distance between species or independent indels in the region between the aligned blocks in both species.
  • Pale yellow coloring: Aligning species has Ns in the gap region. Reflects uncertainty in the relationship between the DNA of both species, due to lack of sequence in relevant portions of the aligning species.

Genomic Breaks

Discontinuities in the genomic context (chromosome, scaffold or region) of the aligned DNA in the aligning species are shown as follows:

  • Vertical blue bar: Represents a discontinuity that persists indefinitely on either side, e.g. a large region of DNA on either side of the bar comes from a different chromosome in the aligned species due to a large scale rearrangement.
  • Green square brackets: Enclose shorter alignments consisting of DNA from one genomic context in the aligned species nested inside a larger chain of alignments from a different genomic context. The alignment within the brackets may represent a short misalignment, a lineage-specific insertion of a transposon in the human genome that aligns to a paralogous copy somewhere else in the aligned species, or other similar occurrence.

Base Level

When zoomed-in to the base-level display, the track shows the base composition of each alignment. The numbers and symbols on the Gaps line indicate the lengths of gaps in the human sequence at those alignment positions relative to the longest non-human sequence. If there is sufficient space in the display, the size of the gap is shown. If the space is insufficient and the gap size is a multiple of 3, a "*" is displayed; other gap sizes are indicated by "+".

Codon translation is available in base-level display mode if the displayed region is identified as a coding segment. To display this annotation, select the species for translation from the pull-down menu in the Codon Translation configuration section at the top of the page. Then, select one of the following modes:

  • No codon translation: The gene annotation is not used; the bases are displayed without translation.
  • Use default species reading frames for translation: The annotations from the genome displayed in the Default species to establish reading frame pull-down menu are used to translate all the aligned species present in the alignment.
  • Use reading frames for species if available, otherwise no translation: Codon translation is performed only for those species where the region is annotated as protein coding.
  • Use reading frames for species if available, otherwise use default species: Codon translation is done on those species that are annotated as being protein coding over the aligned region using species-specific annotation; the remaining species are translated using the default species annotation.

Codon translation uses the following gene tracks as the basis for translation, depending on the species chosen (Table 2).

Gene TrackSpecies
Known Geneshuman, mouse
Ensembl Genes v78baboon, bushbaby, chimp, dog, gorilla, marmoset, mouse lemur, orangutan, tree shrew
RefSeqcrab-eating macaque, rhesus
no annotationbonobo, green monkey, gibbon, proboscis monkey, golden snub-nosed monkey, squirrel monkey, tarsier
Table 2. Gene tracks used for codon translation.

Methods

Pairwise alignments with the human genome were generated for each species using lastz from repeat-masked genomic sequence. Pairwise alignments were then linked into chains using a dynamic programming algorithm that finds maximally scoring chains of gapless subsections of the alignments organized in a kd-tree. The scoring matrix and parameters for pairwise alignment and chaining were tuned for each species based on phylogenetic distance from the reference. High-scoring chains were then placed along the genome, with gaps filled by lower-scoring chains, to produce an alignment net. For more information about the chaining and netting process and parameters for each species, see the description pages for the Chain and Net tracks.

An additional filtering step was introduced in the generation of the 30-way conservation track to reduce the number of paralogs and pseudogenes from the high-quality assemblies and the suspect alignments from the low-quality assemblies.

type of net alignmentSpecies
Syntenic Netbaboon, chimp, dog, gibbon, green monkey, crab-eating macaque, marmoset, mouse, orangutan, rhesus
Reciprocal best Netbushbaby, bonobo, gorilla, golden snub-nosed monkey, mouse lemur, proboscis monkey, squirrel monkey, tarsier, tree shrew
Table 3. Type of Net alignment

The resulting best-in-genome pairwise alignments were progressively aligned using multiz/autoMZ, following the tree topology diagrammed above, to produce multiple alignments. The multiple alignments were post-processed to add annotations indicating alignment gaps, genomic breaks, and base quality of the component sequences. The annotated multiple alignments, in MAF format, are available for bulk download. An alignment summary table containing an entry for each alignment block in each species was generated to improve track display performance at large scales. Framing tables were constructed to enable visualization of codons in the multiple alignment display.

Phylogenetic Tree Model

Both phastCons and phyloP are phylogenetic methods that rely on a tree model containing the tree topology, branch lengths representing evolutionary distance at neutrally evolving sites, the background distribution of nucleotides, and a substitution rate matrix. The all species tree model for this track was generated using the phyloFit program from the PHAST package (REV model, EM algorithm, medium precision) using multiple alignments of 4-fold degenerate sites extracted from the 30-way alignment (msa_view). The 4d sites were derived from the Xeno RefSeq gene set, filtered to select single-coverage long transcripts.

This same tree model was used in the phyloP calculations, however their background frequencies were modified to maintain reversibility. The resulting tree model for all species.

PhastCons Conservation

The phastCons program computes conservation scores based on a phylo-HMM, a type of probabilistic model that describes both the process of DNA substitution at each site in a genome and the way this process changes from one site to the next (Felsenstein and Churchill 1996, Yang 1995, Siepel and Haussler 2005). PhastCons uses a two-state phylo-HMM, with a state for conserved regions and a state for non-conserved regions. The value plotted at each site is the posterior probability that the corresponding alignment column was "generated" by the conserved state of the phylo-HMM. These scores reflect the phylogeny (including branch lengths) of the species in question, a continuous-time Markov model of the nucleotide substitution process, and a tendency for conservation levels to be autocorrelated along the genome (i.e., to be similar at adjacent sites). The general reversible (REV) substitution model was used. Unlike many conservation-scoring programs, phastCons does not rely on a sliding window of fixed size; therefore, short highly-conserved regions and long moderately conserved regions can both obtain high scores. More information about phastCons can be found in Siepel et al. (2005).

The phastCons parameters used were: expected-length=45, target-coverage=0.3, rho=0.3.

PhyloP Conservation

The phyloP program supports several different methods for computing p-values of conservation or acceleration, for individual nucleotides or larger elements (http://compgen.cshl.edu/phast/). Here it was used to produce separate scores at each base (--wig-scores option), considering all branches of the phylogeny rather than a particular subtree or lineage (i.e., the --subtree option was not used). The scores were computed by performing a likelihood ratio test at each alignment column (--method LRT), and scores for both conservation and acceleration were produced (--mode CONACC).

Conserved Elements

The conserved elements were predicted by running phastCons with the --viterbi option. The predicted elements are segments of the alignment that are likely to have been "generated" by the conserved state of the phylo-HMM. Each element is assigned a log-odds score equal to its log probability under the conserved model minus its log probability under the non-conserved model. The "score" field associated with this track contains transformed log-odds scores, taking values between 0 and 1000. (The scores are transformed using a monotonic function of the form a * log(x) + b.) The raw log odds scores are retained in the "name" field and can be seen on the details page or in the browser when the track's display mode is set to "pack" or "full".

Credits

This track was created using the following programs:

  • Alignment tools: blastz and multiz by Minmei Hou, Scott Schwartz and Webb Miller of the Penn State Bioinformatics Group
  • Chaining and Netting: axtChain, chainNet by Jim Kent at UCSC
  • Conservation scoring: phastCons, phyloP, phyloFit, tree_doctor, msa_view and other programs in PHAST by Adam Siepel at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (original development done at the Haussler lab at UCSC).
  • MAF Annotation tools: mafAddIRows by Brian Raney, UCSC; mafAddQRows by Richard Burhans, Penn State; genePredToMafFrames by Mark Diekhans, UCSC
  • Tree image generator: phyloPng by Galt Barber, UCSC
  • Conservation track display: Kate Rosenbloom, Hiram Clawson (wiggle display), and Brian Raney (gap annotation and codon framing) at UCSC

The phylogenetic tree is based on Murphy et al. (2001) and general consensus in the vertebrate phylogeny community as of March 2007.

References

Phylo-HMMs, phastCons, and phyloP:

Felsenstein J, Churchill GA. A Hidden Markov Model approach to variation among sites in rate of evolution. Mol Biol Evol. 1996 Jan;13(1):93-104. PMID: 8583911

Pollard KS, Hubisz MJ, Rosenbloom KR, Siepel A. Detection of nonneutral substitution rates on mammalian phylogenies. Genome Res. 3010 Jan;30(1):110-21. PMID: 19858363; PMC: PMC2798823

Siepel A, Bejerano G, Pedersen JS, Hinrichs AS, Hou M, Rosenbloom K, Clawson H, Spieth J, Hillier LW, Richards S, et al. Evolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes. Genome Res. 2005 Aug;15(8):1034-50. PMID: 16024819; PMC: PMC1182216

Siepel A, Haussler D. Phylogenetic Hidden Markov Models. In: Nielsen R, editor. Statistical Methods in Molecular Evolution. New York: Springer; 2005. pp. 325-351

Yang Z. A space-time process model for the evolution of DNA sequences. Genetics. 1995 Feb;139(2):993-1005. PMID: 7713447; PMC: PMC1306396

Chain/Net:

Kent WJ, Baertsch R, Hinrichs A, Miller W, Haussler D. Evolution's cauldron: duplication, deletion, and rearrangement in the mouse and human genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 30;100(30):11484-9. PMID: 14500911; PMC: PMC308784

Multiz:

Blanchette M, Kent WJ, Riemer C, Elnitski L, Smit AF, Roskin KM, Baertsch R, Rosenbloom K, Clawson H, Green ED, et al. Aligning multiple genomic sequences with the threaded blockset aligner. Genome Res. 2004 Apr;14(4):708-15. PMID: 15060014; PMC: PMC383327

Harris RS. Improved pairwise alignment of genomic DNA. Ph.D. Thesis. Pennsylvania State University, USA. 2007.

Blastz:

Chiaromonte F, Yap VB, Miller W. Scoring pairwise genomic sequence alignments. Pac Symp Biocomput. 2002:115-26. PMID: 11928468

Schwartz S, Kent WJ, Smit A, Zhang Z, Baertsch R, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Miller W. Human-mouse alignments with BLASTZ. Genome Res. 2003 Jan;13(1):103-7. PMID: 12529312; PMC: PMC430961

Phylogenetic Tree:

Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, Teeling E, Ryder OA, Stanhope MJ, de Jong WW, Springer MS. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2348-51. PMID: 12743200