Human Gene RRM2 (uc021vdr.1)
  Description: Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2), transcript variant 1, mRNA.
RefSeq Summary (NM_001034): This gene encodes one of two non-identical subunits for ribonucleotide reductase. This reductase catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. Synthesis of the encoded protein (M2) is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent fashion. Transcription from this gene can initiate from alternative promoters, which results in two isoforms that differ in the lengths of their N-termini. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1 and X. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009].
Transcript (Including UTRs)
   Position: hg19 chr2:10,262,695-10,271,546 Size: 8,852 Total Exon Count: 10 Strand: +
Coding Region
   Position: hg19 chr2:10,262,746-10,269,513 Size: 6,768 Coding Exon Count: 10 

Page IndexSequence and LinksUniProtKB CommentsPrimersGenetic AssociationsMalaCards
CTDGene AllelesRNA-Seq ExpressionMicroarray ExpressionRNA StructureProtein Structure
Other SpeciesGO AnnotationsmRNA DescriptionsPathwaysOther NamesModel Information
Methods
Data last updated at UCSC: 2013-06-14

-  Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases
 
Genomic Sequence (chr2:10,262,695-10,271,546)mRNA (may differ from genome)Protein (389 aa)
Gene SorterGenome BrowserOther Species FASTAVisiGeneGene interactionsTable Schema
AlphaFoldBioGPSEnsemblEntrez GeneExonPrimerGeneCards
GeneNetworkH-INVHGNCHPRDLynxMalacards
MGIneXtProtOMIMPubMedReactomeTreefam
UniProtKBWikipediaBioGrid CRISPR DB

-  Comments and Description Text from UniProtKB
  ID: RIR2_HUMAN
DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2; EC=1.17.4.1; AltName: Full=Ribonucleotide reductase small chain; AltName: Full=Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit;
FUNCTION: Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Inhibits Wnt signaling.
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H(2)O = ribonucleoside diphosphate + thioredoxin.
COFACTOR: Binds 2 iron ions per subunit (By similarity).
PATHWAY: Genetic information processing; DNA replication.
SUBUNIT: Heterodimer of a large and a small subunit.
INTERACTION: P41002:CCNF; NbExp=12; IntAct=EBI-2339245, EBI-1207574; Q9UM11:FZR1; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-2339245, EBI-724997; P23921:RRM1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-2339245, EBI-717006;
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.
PTM: Phosphorylation on Ser-20 relieves the inhibitory effect on Wnt signaling.
MISCELLANEOUS: Two distinct regulatory sites have been defined: the specificity site, which controls substrate specificity, and the activity site which regulates overall catalytic activity. A substrate-binding catalytic site, located on M1, is formed only in the presence of the second subunit M2.
SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family.
WEB RESOURCE: Name=Wikipedia; Note=Ribonucleotide reductase entry; URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase";

-  Primer design for this transcript
 

Primer3Plus can design qPCR Primers that straddle exon-exon-junctions, which amplify only cDNA, not genomic DNA.
Click here to load the transcript sequence and exon structure into Primer3Plus

Exonprimer can design one pair of Sanger sequencing primers around every exon, located in non-genic sequence.
Click here to open Exonprimer with this transcript

To design primers for a non-coding sequence, zoom to a region of interest and select from the drop-down menu: View > In External Tools > Primer3


-  Genetic Association Studies of Complex Diseases and Disorders
  Genetic Association Database (archive): RRM2
CDC HuGE Published Literature: RRM2

-  MalaCards Disease Associations
  MalaCards Gene Search: RRM2
Diseases sorted by gene-association score: choriocarcinoma (4), pancreas adenocarcinoma (3), pancreatic cancer (2), hepatocellular carcinoma (2)

-  Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
  The following chemicals interact with this gene           more ... click here to view the complete list

+  Common Gene Haplotype Alleles
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  RNA-Seq Expression Data from GTEx (53 Tissues, 570 Donors)
  Highest median expression: 68.53 RPKM in Cells - EBV-transformed lymphocytes
Total median expression: 113.09 RPKM



View in GTEx track of Genome Browser    View at GTEx portal     View GTEx Body Map

+  Microarray Expression Data
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  mRNA Secondary Structure of 3' and 5' UTRs
 
RegionFold EnergyBasesEnergy/Base
Display As
5' UTR -24.6051-0.482 Picture PostScript Text
3' UTR -574.112033-0.282 Picture PostScript Text

The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.

-  Protein Domain and Structure Information
  InterPro Domains: Graphical view of domain structure
IPR009078 - Ferritin/RNR-like
IPR012348 - RNR-rel
IPR000358 - RNR_small

Pfam Domains:
PF00268 - Ribonucleotide reductase, small chain

SCOP Domains:
47240 - Ferritin-like

Protein Data Bank (PDB) 3-D Structure
MuPIT help
2UW2 - X-ray MuPIT 3OLJ - X-ray MuPIT


ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P31350
FrontTopSide
The pictures above may be empty if there is no ModBase structure for the protein. The ModBase structure frequently covers just a fragment of the protein. You may be asked to log onto ModBase the first time you click on the pictures. It is simplest after logging in to just click on the picture again to get to the specific info on that model.

-  Orthologous Genes in Other Species
  Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
MouseRatZebrafishD. melanogasterC. elegansS. cerevisiae
No orthologNo orthologGenome BrowserGenome BrowserGenome BrowserGenome Browser
Gene Details  Gene DetailsGene DetailsGene Details
Gene Sorter  Gene SorterGene SorterGene Sorter
  EnsemblFlyBaseWormBaseSGD
  Protein SequenceProtein SequenceProtein SequenceProtein Sequence
  AlignmentAlignmentAlignmentAlignment

-  Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations with Structured Vocabulary
  Molecular Function:
GO:0004748 ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
GO:0005515 protein binding
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity
GO:0046872 metal ion binding

Biological Process:
GO:0000083 regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
GO:0006260 DNA replication
GO:0009263 deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
GO:0055114 oxidation-reduction process
GO:0070317 negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition

Cellular Component:
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
GO:0005829 cytosol
GO:0005971 ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex


-  Descriptions from all associated GenBank mRNAs
  LF209499 - JP 2014500723-A/17002: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
JD388683 - Sequence 369707 from Patent EP1572962.
S40301 - Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit mRNA, complete cds.
X59618 - H.sapiens RR2 mRNA for small subunit ribonucleotide reductase.
AK313719 - Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ94315, Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide (RRM2), mRNA.
AK092671 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ35352 fis, clone PUAEN1000121, highly similar to Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit (EC 1.17.4.1).
AK123010 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ16813 fis, clone THYMU3030231, highly similar to Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase M2 subunit (EC 1.17.4.1).
BC030154 - Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:29692 IMAGE:4858919), complete cds.
BC001886 - Homo sapiens ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:1551 IMAGE:3528619), complete cds.
JD161438 - Sequence 142462 from Patent EP1572962.
JD419685 - Sequence 400709 from Patent EP1572962.
LF329028 - JP 2014500723-A/136531: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
JD140821 - Sequence 121845 from Patent EP1572962.
JD423142 - Sequence 404166 from Patent EP1572962.
JD148997 - Sequence 130021 from Patent EP1572962.
DQ895052 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100009512; FLH180702.01L; RZPDo839F02133D ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide (RRM2) gene, encodes complete protein.
DQ891863 - Synthetic construct clone IMAGE:100004493; FLH180706.01X; RZPDo839F02134D ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide (RRM2) gene, encodes complete protein.
AB529158 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB6654, Homo sapiens RRM2 gene for ribonucleotide reductase M2, without stop codon, in Flexi system.
KJ892072 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_01466 RRM2 gene, encodes complete protein.
LF329030 - JP 2014500723-A/136533: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
BC028932 - Homo sapiens, Similar to ribonucleotide reductase protein r2 class I, clone IMAGE:5140388, mRNA, partial cds.
JD516138 - Sequence 497162 from Patent EP1572962.
JD171058 - Sequence 152082 from Patent EP1572962.
JD061274 - Sequence 42298 from Patent EP1572962.
JD079927 - Sequence 60951 from Patent EP1572962.
JD189969 - Sequence 170993 from Patent EP1572962.
JD061490 - Sequence 42514 from Patent EP1572962.
JD284041 - Sequence 265065 from Patent EP1572962.
JD067535 - Sequence 48559 from Patent EP1572962.
JD038220 - Sequence 19244 from Patent EP1572962.
JD082290 - Sequence 63314 from Patent EP1572962.
JD238871 - Sequence 219895 from Patent EP1572962.
JD492763 - Sequence 473787 from Patent EP1572962.
JD225856 - Sequence 206880 from Patent EP1572962.
JD090657 - Sequence 71681 from Patent EP1572962.
JD265754 - Sequence 246778 from Patent EP1572962.
JD288706 - Sequence 269730 from Patent EP1572962.
JD296630 - Sequence 277654 from Patent EP1572962.
JD447791 - Sequence 428815 from Patent EP1572962.
MA564605 - JP 2018138019-A/136531: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA564607 - JP 2018138019-A/136533: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA445076 - JP 2018138019-A/17002: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.

-  Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
  KEGG - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
hsa00230 - Purine metabolism
hsa00240 - Pyrimidine metabolism
hsa00480 - Glutathione metabolism
hsa01100 - Metabolic pathways
hsa04115 - p53 signaling pathway

BioCyc Knowledge Library
PWY-6126 - adenosine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis
PWY0-166 - pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis I

Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)

Protein P31350 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):

R-HSA-111742 RNR (M1M2) reduces nucleotide diphosphates to deoxynucleotide diphosphates (glutaredoxin)
R-HSA-111751 RNR (M1M2) reduces nucleotide diphosphates to deoxynucleotide diphosphates (thioredoxin)
R-HSA-539107 Activation of E2F1 target genes at G1/S
R-HSA-8953750 Transcriptional Regulation by E2F6
R-HSA-69205 G1/S-Specific Transcription
R-HSA-212436 Generic Transcription Pathway
R-HSA-69206 G1/S Transition
R-HSA-73857 RNA Polymerase II Transcription
R-HSA-499943 Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
R-HSA-453279 Mitotic G1-G1/S phases
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription)
R-HSA-15869 Metabolism of nucleotides
R-HSA-69278 Cell Cycle (Mitotic)
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism
R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle

-  Other Names for This Gene
  Alternate Gene Symbols: B2R9B5, NM_001034, NP_001159403, P31350, Q5WRU7, RIR2_HUMAN, RR2
UCSC ID: uc021vdr.1
RefSeq Accession: NM_001034
Protein: P31350 (aka RIR2_HUMAN)
CCDS: CCDS54334.1

-  Gene Model Information
 
category: coding nonsense-mediated-decay: no RNA accession: NM_001034.3
exon count: 10CDS single in 3' UTR: no RNA size: 3284
ORF size: 1350CDS single in intron: no Alignment % ID: 100.00
txCdsPredict score: 2527.00frame shift in genome: no % Coverage: 99.45
has start codon: yes stop codon in genome: no # of Alignments: 1
has end codon: yes retained intron: no # AT/AC introns 0
selenocysteine: no end bleed into intron: 0# strange splices: 0
Click here for a detailed description of the fields of the table above.

-  Methods, Credits, and Use Restrictions
  Click here for details on how this gene model was made and data restrictions if any.